Endometriosis

What is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis occurs when endometrial-like tissue implants on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, pelvic lining, and occasionally on distant organs. These implants respond to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, leading to chronic inflammation, scar tissue formation, and adhesions. The condition is a leading cause of chronic pelvic pain and infertility, yet diagnosis is often delayed by 7 to 10 years. Blood tests and hormone panels can help guide clinical assessment, though laparoscopy remains the gold standard for definitive diagnosis.

Symptoms

• ●Severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea)
• ●Chronic pelvic pain
• ●Pain during or after intercourse
• ●Heavy menstrual bleeding
• ●Painful bowel movements or urination during periods
• ●Fatigue and low energy
• ●Difficulty conceiving

What Causes Endometriosis?

The exact cause remains unclear, but retrograde menstruation — where menstrual blood flows backward through the fallopian tubes — is the most widely accepted theory. Genetic factors, immune system dysfunction, and hormonal influences also contribute to the development of endometriosis.

Risk Factors

• ⚠Family history of endometriosis
• ⚠Never having given birth
• ⚠Early onset of menstruation
• ⚠Short menstrual cycles (less than 27 days)
• ⚠Heavy periods lasting more than 7 days
• ⚠Low body mass index

How to Prevent Endometriosis

While endometriosis cannot be fully prevented, hormonal contraceptives may reduce risk by suppressing menstruation. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and an anti-inflammatory diet may help manage symptoms.

When to Get Tested

Test if you experience chronic pelvic pain, severe menstrual cramps that do not respond to pain relief, or difficulty conceiving after one year of trying.

References & Sources

• [1]
  WHO — EndometriosisAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [2]
  Mayo Clinic — EndometriosisAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [3]
  NHS — EndometriosisAccessed: 2026-02-24