Rheumatoid Arthritis

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases, affecting approximately 1% of the global population. Unlike osteoarthritis, which results from wear and tear, RA is driven by an overactive immune system that attacks the synovial membrane lining the joints. The disease typically begins in the small joints of the hands and feet and can progress to larger joints and other organs. Blood tests for rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibodies, and inflammatory markers are essential for early diagnosis, which allows timely treatment to slow disease progression and preserve joint function.

Symptoms

• ●Joint pain and stiffness especially in the morning
• ●Swelling and tenderness in multiple joints
• ●Symmetrical joint involvement
• ●Fatigue and general malaise
• ●Low-grade fever
• ●Loss of appetite and weight loss
• ●Rheumatoid nodules under the skin

What Causes Rheumatoid Arthritis?

RA is an autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks healthy joint tissue. The exact trigger is unknown, but a combination of genetic susceptibility (HLA-DR4 gene) and environmental factors such as smoking and infections is believed to initiate the autoimmune response.

Risk Factors

• ⚠Family history of autoimmune diseases
• ⚠Female sex (2-3 times more common in women)
• ⚠Smoking
• ⚠Age 40-60 years
• ⚠Obesity

How to Prevent Rheumatoid Arthritis

Avoiding smoking is the most significant modifiable risk factor for RA prevention. Maintaining good oral health, a healthy weight, and regular physical activity may reduce risk. Early medical evaluation of persistent joint symptoms prevents irreversible damage.

When to Get Tested

Test if you experience persistent joint pain and morning stiffness lasting more than 30 minutes, especially if multiple joints are symmetrically affected.

References & Sources

• [1]
  Mayo Clinic — Rheumatoid ArthritisAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [2]
  CDC — Rheumatoid ArthritisAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [3]
  NHS — Rheumatoid ArthritisAccessed: 2026-02-24