Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

COPD causes long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation due to structural changes in the airways and lungs. In chronic bronchitis, the bronchial tubes become inflamed and produce excess mucus. In emphysema, the alveoli (tiny air sacs) are damaged and lose their elasticity. Most people with COPD have a combination of both conditions. While smoking is the primary risk factor globally, in the UAE exposure to indoor air pollution, occupational dusts, secondhand smoke, and shisha use are also significant contributors. Early diagnosis through spirometry and appropriate management can slow disease progression.

Symptoms

• ●Persistent cough with mucus production
• ●Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• ●Wheezing
• ●Chest tightness
• ●Frequent respiratory infections
• ●Fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance
• ●Unintended weight loss in advanced stages

What Causes Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

COPD is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and airways. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause, but shisha smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke, occupational dusts and chemicals, and indoor air pollution from cooking fuels also contribute. A rare genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency can also cause COPD.

Risk Factors

• ⚠Smoking or history of smoking
• ⚠Shisha or waterpipe use
• ⚠Occupational exposure to dust, fumes, or chemicals
• ⚠Long-term exposure to air pollution
• ⚠History of recurrent respiratory infections in childhood
• ⚠Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency

How to Prevent Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

The most effective prevention is avoiding tobacco smoke and other lung irritants. If you smoke, quitting is the single most important step. Avoiding shisha use, wearing protective masks in dusty or polluted environments, and getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia can also reduce risk.

When to Get Tested

Get tested if you are a smoker or former smoker over 40 with a persistent cough, increasing breathlessness, or frequent chest infections.

References & Sources

• [1]
  WHO — COPDAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [2]
  Mayo Clinic — COPDAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [3]
  NHS — COPDAccessed: 2026-02-24