Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

What is Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)?

Eczema is a chronic condition in which the skin barrier is compromised, leading to moisture loss and increased susceptibility to irritants and allergens. The condition follows a relapsing-remitting course with flare-ups triggered by various environmental and lifestyle factors. While eczema commonly starts in infancy or early childhood, it can persist into or first appear in adulthood. In the UAE, the dry climate, extreme heat, frequent air conditioning use, and high dust levels can exacerbate eczema symptoms. The condition is closely linked to the "atopic triad" of eczema, asthma, and allergic rhinitis, meaning individuals with eczema often develop the other two conditions as well.

Symptoms

• ●Dry, cracked, and scaly skin
• ●Intense itching, especially at night
• ●Red to brownish-gray patches on skin
• ●Small raised bumps that may leak fluid when scratched
• ●Thickened or leathery skin from chronic scratching
• ●Raw, sensitive, or swollen skin from scratching

What Causes Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)?

Eczema results from a combination of genetic, immune, and environmental factors. A mutation in the filaggrin gene, which helps form the skin barrier, is found in many patients. The immune system overreacts to environmental triggers, causing chronic inflammation. Common triggers include dry air, harsh soaps, dust mites, pet dander, pollen, and stress.

Risk Factors

• ⚠Family history of eczema, asthma, or hay fever
• ⚠Living in dry or dusty climates
• ⚠Exposure to harsh chemicals or irritants
• ⚠Food allergies
• ⚠High stress levels
• ⚠Frequent bathing with hot water

How to Prevent Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)

Keep skin well moisturized with fragrance-free emollients, especially after bathing. Avoid known triggers such as harsh detergents and extreme temperatures. Use lukewarm water for bathing, wear soft cotton clothing, and manage stress levels. Identifying and avoiding specific allergens through testing can also help control flare-ups.

When to Get Tested

Get tested if you have persistent itchy, inflamed skin that does not respond to basic moisturizing, or to identify specific allergens triggering your eczema.

References & Sources

• [1]
  Mayo Clinic — Atopic DermatitisAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [2]
  NHS — Atopic EczemaAccessed: 2026-02-24
• [3]
  Cleveland Clinic — EczemaAccessed: 2026-02-24